China-British relations

Peaceful and mild diplomatic period with sporadic setbacks

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland recognized the People's Republic of China in 1950. Bilateral relations hit rock bottom with the outbreak of the Korean War but gradually turned better after the war. The two sides reached an agreement to exchange charges d'affaires on June 17, 1954.

Despite building diplomatic relations on the charge d'affaires level, the two countries still had some differences on some fundamental issues such as the Taiwan question and the Hong Kong situation. It was not until the 1960s that bilateral relations began to normalize. The two sides finally signed the Joint Communiqué on the Agreement on the Exchange of Ambassadors on 13 March 1972.

In October 1979, Premier Hua Guofeng visited the UK, while Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher paid a visit to China in September 1982 and met former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. The pair discussed the future of Hong Kong and agreed on the "one country, two systems" formula for Hong Kong.

Prime Minister Thatcher made her second visit to China in December 1984, during which time the two governments signed The Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, which paved the way for Hong Kong's return to China in 1997 and ushered in a period of sound development in Sino-British relations.

On the Chinese side, the then-Chinese Premier visited the UK in June 1985 and Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPC, paid a visit to the UK in June 1986. On the British side, Queen Elizabeth II paid a state visit to China in October 1986.

Bilateral relations suffered a serious setback following the UK's sanctions against China after 1989. Prime Minister John Major's visit to China in 1991 led to the thawing of the bilateral relations, which were at an all-time low after the British came up with a political reform package in Hong Kong that contravened the Joint Declaration - the principle of convergence with the Basic Law and the agreements and understandings reached between the two sides. It was not until the latter half of 1994 that any sign of improvement could be seen.