文字实录 · Transcript

冯欣：在上一期的《解析中国》中，我们讨论了是否应该延迟中国人的退休年龄。六月初，人力资源和社会保障部提出未来会逐步将退休年龄推迟五年。我们采访的市民对此各持己见，但是专家都支持这个决策。专家同时也指出，反对的声音折射出了更深层的问题，比如中国现行养老保险制度中存在的不平等现象以及中国人口的老龄化问题。但对于个人来说，我们还有更多的问题需要考虑。比如，我们退休后究竟可以领到多少钱？中国有没有足够的钱来赡养它逐渐变老的人口？我们应该从什么时候起考虑养老的问题？在讨论这些问题之前，让我们先听听大家是怎么说的。

In our last episode of Digest China, we discussed whether it's a good idea to make Chinese people retire at a later age. The discussion came after the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security's June announcement that it will gradually push back China's retirement age by five years. While the citizens we talked to showed different opinions on the government's push, the scholars we interviewed all support the idea. But they pointed out the opposing voices reflect deeper problems, such as the inequality existing in China's current pension system and the aging of the Chinese population. However, there are more questions for individuals to think. For example, how much money can we receive after we retire? At what age should we start planning our retirement? Does China have enough money to support its aging population? Before we get into these questions, let's first hear what people have to say.

记者：您退休后大概每个月需要多少养老生活费用？

Reporter: How much money do you need to support yourself each month after you've retired?

受访者：现在我的养老费是3700块钱。

Respondent: About 3,700 yuan.

受访者：生活费用可能是3000块钱吧。要是没病就问题不大，医保什么的都可以了，要是得了重病大病，我觉得还是挺困难的。在中老年群体，大多数人都是没车、没房、又有病的。

Respondent: My living expenses are about 3,000 yuan. If I'm not sick, I wouldn't have any trouble, since I have my health insurance. But if I get really sick, it would be very difficult. Among the elderly people, most don't own cars and houses, and they suffer from diseases.

受访者：如果以目前社会的消费水平，我也就不要求太高，只是一个温饱。对于我们来说，可能5000块钱就够了。物价一直这么涨，那么我估计5000块钱肯定是不行的。

Respondent: Based on the current standard of living, I wouldn't ask for too much. But to survive, I think 5,000 yuan is enough.If prices keep going up like this，then 5,000 yuan will definitely not be enough.

受访者：没有考虑过。以现在这种国民生产总值来看，到我退休的时候, 大约还需要30多年，那基本保障应该是在8000或者8000以上。

Respondent: Never thought about it. Based on our current Gross National Product (GNP), when I retire, which is in about 30 years, I think the basic pension should be above 8,000 yuan.

记者：您退休后想做哪些事呢？有没有规划过？

Reporter: What will you do after you retire? Have you ever planned it?

受访者：我想做一些对社会有意义的事，投身于教育或者是公益。

Respondent: I want to do something that is beneficial for the society, like engaging in education or charity work.

受访者：退休有时间的话可以出去玩玩，带着孩子，带着家人。

Respondent: (I'll) travel with my children and family after I retire.

受访者：觉得还有能力的话，还想做很多事情。

Respondent: If I'm capable, I will still want to do a lot of things.

记者：您对您未来的养老有规划吗？

Reporter: Do you have any retirement plans?

受访者：没有，对这个问题想得很少，但是自己也买了商业保险。

Respondent: No, I rarely think about it, but I did buy commercial insurance.

受访者：规划倒没有，我觉得就是多挣钱，自己多储蓄。

Respondent: Not necessarily a plan, I just think I should make more money and save more.

记者：您认为您在退休后最有保障的经济来源将会是什么？

Reporter: What do you think to be the most secure source of income after you retire?

受访者：退休金，我想首先是退休金。

Respondent: Pension, first and foremost.

受访者：那就是退休工资了，最稳定的只有这个。

Respondent: Definitely my pension. It'll be the only secured source of income.

受访者：还是养老金。

Respondent: It's pension.

受访者：因为我也不知道我以后能不能做得成生意，我能不能不赔本，养老保险我一直在交。那么交到一定年限，当我退休的时候，它能比较及时地、如实地能发给我；那么我觉得可能最基本的生活保障是可以的。

Respondent: I don't know if I will do business successfully, and not lose money, but I've been contributing social security taxes. Hopefully by the time I retire, (the government) will give me my pension promptly and accurately; then I think my basic living will be guaranteed.

养老保险制度的基本概念是公民通过缴纳养老金税来赡养当前的退休老人。在这个人退休后，他（她）又由年轻一代的纳税人来赡养。根据中国2010年通过的《社会保险法》，中国基本的养老保险制度将人群分为四类：城镇职工，公务员和事业单位职工，农村居民，以及城镇居民，城镇居民又包括个体、非全日制从业人员、无就业人员。中国基本养老保险制度由社会统筹和个人账户组成。每个月，城镇职工缴付相当于个人工资8％的社会保险税到个人账户里。用人单位缴付员工工资的20％到社会统筹账户里，由当地政府管理。

The basic idea for a pension system is citizens pay social security taxes to fund current pensioners. When a person retires, he or she will be funded by the younger generation of tax payers. According to China's 2010 Social Security Law, China's basic pension system divides people into four categories: urban employees, State employees, rural residents, and urban residents, which includes self-employed, part-time employed and unemployed residents. China's basic pension system consists of social pooling and each citizen's individual account. Each month, urban employees pay 8 percent of their wages as social security taxes to their individual accounts. Employers pay an amount equal to 20 percent of each employee's wages to the social pool, which is managed by the local government.

事实上，所有的个人账户都是虚拟的，因为职工直到退休后才可以领到养老金，同时还需要缴费15年以上。一个职工的养老金来自两方面：一是社会统筹拨给他（她）的钱。二是个人账户里的钱。但是，国家公务员和事业单位职工不需要每月从工资中缴纳社会保险税，国家财政为他们缴付。他们退休后也直接从国家领取退休金。农村和城镇居民参加基本养老保险也需要缴纳15年以上的社会保险税到自己的个人账户中。他们的养老金将来自于个人账户里的钱和国家补贴的基础养老金。根据人社部六月份的报告，中国的基本养老保险制度覆盖2.83亿城镇职工，3.58亿农村居民和540万城镇居民。可能大多数人最先想到的问题是：缴纳了这么多年的养老保险，我退休时究竟可以领到多少养老金？我们带着这些问题采访了谢宇，他是北京一家国有企业的人力资源专员。

Individual accounts are in fact, virtual, because employees will not be able to cash out their pension until they retire, and have contributed to their individual accounts for at east 15 years. Their pension will come from two sources: first, the money allotted to them from the big, social pool; and, second, the money from their individual accounts. State employees, however, do not pay monthly social security taxes from their work wages by themselves. The State revenue pays for them. They receive pension directly from the State after they retire. Rural residents and urban residents can participate in the basic pension system by contributing social security taxes to their individual accounts for at least 15 years. Their pension will come from their individual accounts as well as a base pension provided by the State. According to the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security's June report, China's basic pension system covers 283 million urban employees, 358 million rural residents and about 5.4 million urban residents. Perhaps the first question that comes to most people's mind is: How much money will I receive when retired, after contributing social security taxes for so many years? We directed this question to Xie Yu, who works as a human resources officer at a State-owned company in Beijing.

冯欣：谢先生，我首先有一个问题。对于我们城镇职工来说，我们每个月缴纳的养老保险是一定的，但是我们退休后究竟能每个月拿多少养老金却很难估算出来，这是为什么呢？

Feng Xin: Mr Xie, I have a question. For urban employees, we pay a certain amount of social security taxes each month, but it is very difficult to estimate how much money we will receive after we retire. Why is that?

谢宇：是这样，这个问题计算起来非常的复杂。它跟咱们每个月交多少钱，跟你连续交多少时间这两个因素都是息息相关的。归纳起来，一个人的月基本养老金等于月基础养老金加上个人账户养老金。前者来源于社会统筹，后者来自个人账户。基础养老金是经过一系列公式和函数计算出来的，由很多因素决定，比如当地的社会平均工资、个人收入，以及缴费的年限等等。我们通过这个公式就能看得出来，实际上，我们退休以后能挣多少钱，说得通俗一点，非常简单。就是您缴的钱越多、缴的时间越长，最后拿到的退休金就越高。

Xie Yu: This is because the calculation is very complex. It's related to how much we pay each month as well as how long we pay. To summarize, a person's monthly pension is equal to a monthly base pension provided by the State plus the money from his or her individual account. Whereas the former comes from the social pool, the latter comes from the person's individual account. However, the base pension is calculated by a series of fractions and function, depending on a number of factors, such as the average salary of the local population, individual salary, years of contribution and so on. We can tell from this formula that how much we will receive after we retire – let's put it simply –the more you pay and the longer you pay, the more you will receive.

冯欣：那这个计算公式这么复杂，人们怎么能够核实他领的养老金是他该领的那笔钱呢？

Feng Xin: Since the calculation is so complex, how can people make sure the money they receive is the right amount?

谢宇：我觉得是这样的，现在养老金主要还是由社保基金中心来计算的。他们在计算的时候有自己一套系统。我觉得还是应该充分相信他们的吧。

Xie Yu: Well, our pension is currently calculated by the social insurance fund management centers. They have their own systems of calculation. I think we just have to trust them.

养老金的计算如此复杂，有没有可能得知不同社会群体的养老金有何差异？我们采访了中国养老金专家杨燕綏。

Since the calculation of one's pension is so complex, is it possible to get a rough idea of how pension might differ from one social group to another? We talked to Yang Yansui, a leading expert in China's pension system.

冯欣：我还看过一个您的采访, 您说国民基础养老金，从总理到农民待遇应该差不多。这是什么意思？

Feng Xin: I read one of your interviews. You said between the premier and a farmer, the base pension should be more or less the same. What did you mean?

杨燕綏：我们的养老金制度分三个制度。机关事业单位是退休金，不缴费，按个人工资85%到90%，80%到95%。企业职工缴费，可是养老金发放替代率越来越少，因为它不投资，在贬值。还有第三个就是居民，他们是从16岁开始储蓄养老金。到60岁退休的时候，政府给一个养老补贴。自己再领自己养老金个人账户。中国有三个制度，这三个制度里现在看来，城乡居民的养老金制度是最合理的。就是我个人储蓄养老金，然后政府补贴我养老金。政府责任、个人责任是非常清晰的。但是这个制度现在的问题是，个人储蓄养老金都放在地方银行，没有保值措施。地方银行按一年储蓄记账，我存30年，你凭什么给我按一年储蓄记账呢？

Yang Yansui: We have three pension systems. State employees do not pay social security taxes, but they receive a pension, which is as much as 80% to 95% of their salary from the State. Urban employees pay taxes, but the money they receive is decreasing, because their money is not being invested, so it's actually devaluating. (Urban and rural) residents start contributing social security taxes from the age of 16. When they retire at 60, the government will provide them with a subsidy. They will also get money from their individual accounts. Among China's three pension systems, I think the third one is most reasonable. Individuals save their own pension, whereas the government subsidizes individuals. Responsibilities are clearly separated between the government and individuals. However, the problem of this system is that individuals' money is all kept in local banks without inflation-proof measures. The local banks pay an interest at a one-year deposit rate. I have deposited for 30 years. Why do you give me a one-year deposit rate?

冯欣：什么叫一年储蓄记账？

Feng Xin: What do you mean by "one-year deposit rate"?

杨燕綏：就是按当年的定期储蓄给你一个利息。这个太低了，因为养老金存进去以后是不能取的。锁定账户，到60甚至65岁以后才能取。我定期存35年；那你凭什么给我按一年的记账利息啊？所以城乡居民养老金实际上是在贬值的。这是它的问题，但是这个制度结构非常好。政府补贴、个人储蓄。全球70多个国家，发达国家全部调整完了。都是政府补贴管吃饭，然后个人储蓄搞改善。这就叫个人账户和政府的公共统筹账户相结合。非常好的。但是因为98年推这个制度的时候，国有企业减员增效下来几千万职工，他们平均年龄才47岁，提前退休了。那这些人的养老金是没有预算的，所以他们是在用年轻人个人账户的钱，确实是挪用了。

Yang Yansui: I mean the interest is calculated at a one-year interest level. This is too low, because people cannot take money out until they reach the age of 60 or even 65. It's a fixed deposit account. It's like I have a fixed deposit for 35 years; how can you calculate my interest at a one-year interest level (but not a 35-year level)? Therefore, rural and urban residents' pension is devaluing. That's a problem, but the structure of the system is very good. The government subsidizes individuals who make their own savings. About 70 countries have implemented such a system. The government provides pensioners with basic living costs, and individuals improve their quality of living with their own savings. This is a combination of social pooling and individual accounts. It's a very good idea. But when the country was implementing the policy in 1998, tens of millions of State employees were laid off to boost efficiency. Their average age was only 47, but they had to retire. These people were not included in the State budget, so the government used the money in young people's individual accounts. The money was indeed diverted.

杨燕绥：那么现在的问题是企业职工实行的社会统筹个人账户结合，但是个人账户被挪用了，做成空账了，所以现在在财政专户里这是个空账。记着，1.9万亿是一笔账，没有钱。这个网上议论很多。所以这个账实际上不是相结合了，是混账。所以这个问题应该像居民这样，政府补贴就是政府补贴。企业缴费进入社会统筹账户，等职工退休时候政府发予补贴。然后个人账户进入市场运营让它保值增值，将来改善生活。

Yang Yansui: The problem we are having now is that the money in individual accounts was diverted and the accounts became empty, so the 1.9 trillion yuan is only an "item" in the State revenue's account. There's no actual money. I saw a lot of discussion online. It's no longer a combination of (government and individuals' responsibilities). It's mixed up. To solve the problem, we need to make (the State employee) pension system like the residents' (system), where the government provides subsidies. Employers contribute to the social pool, and employees receive subsidies from the government when retired. The money in individual accounts should be invested in the market to maintain and increase its value.

杨燕绥：那么机关事业单位应该向这个制度靠拢。我认为机关事业单位退休金应该逐渐下降，由政府补贴的国民基础养老金慢慢取（代）之。政府给农民的补贴、给职工的基础养老金和公务员的退休金，让它合并，都是一个老百姓吃饭的钱，这叫国民基础养老金。它只是保老年人吃饭。中国不管将来多么老都得让老年人吃上饭，这是我们5000年文化的传承，必须要做到。那么对于吃饭来讲，总理吃的和农民吃的谁多谁少啊？

Yang Yansui: State employers should also gradually implement such a system. I think the pension for State employees should be reduced and eventually be replaced with the base pension. The government's subsidies for farmers, urban employees and civil servants should all be merged. They are all given to pensioners for a basic living; that's called "base pension". They only guarantee elderly people will have enough food. No matter how old China becomes, we have to make sure elderly people have enough food. This is a 5,000-year-old culture. We have to make it.In terms of having enough food, who eats more? The premier or a farmer?

冯欣：一样的。

Feng Xin: The same.

杨燕绥：因为这是政府保基本。国民基础养老金，老年人吃饭的养命钱，它不能差异很大，有人养命就那么贵吗？这是一个民主问题，也是一个国民权利问题。

Yang Yansui: Since this is the base pension provided by the government and used for basic living, there shouldn't be big differences – unless one's life is more expensive than another. It's a question of democracy as well as civil rights.

如果年轻人个人账户里的钱被挪用来赡养当前的退休人员，那么中国未来是否有足够的钱来赡养现在的纳税人呢？根据2011年中国社会科学院出版的《中国养老金发展报告》，2010年，全国基本养老保险基金总收入达1.3万亿元。其中，政府发放了大约1万亿元给当前的退休人员，剩余2800亿元。截至2010年底，基本养老保险基金累计结存1.5万亿元。人社部最新的收支报告显示，截至2011年，中国的基本养老保险基金累计结存1.9万亿元。但是，学者们认为前景并不乐观。一些人估计中国目前的养老金缺口在1.8至2.5万亿元之间。但是，我们该如何理解这些数字呢？我们在演播室电话采访了郑秉文，他是《2011中国养老金发展报告》的主编。

If the money in young people's individual accounts are diverted to supporting current pensioners, does China have enough money to support its current social security taxpayers when they retire? According to the 2011 China Pension Report published by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the total revenue of China's basic pension fund reached 1.3 trillion yuan in 2010. Of that, the government paid about 1 trillion yuan to current pensioners, leaving a balance of more than 280 billion yuan. By the end of 2010, the accumulated balance reached 1.5 trillion yuan. The Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security's latest balance report also shows China's basic pension fund remains at more than 1.9 trillion yuan as of 2011. However, many scholars are not very optimistic and estimate that China is currently facing a debt shortfall of 1.8 to 2.5 trillion yuan. But how do we make sense of these numbers? We called Zheng Bingwen from our studio. He is the lead author of the 2011 China Pension Report.

冯欣：郑教授，人社部的官方数据显示中国的养老保险基金没有缺口，但是很多专家都认为缺口巨大，这是怎么回事呢？

Feng Xin: Professor Zheng, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security's report shows there's no debt shortfall in our current pension fund, but many scholars believe the shortfall is huge. Why is that?

郑秉文：这个缺口有这么几层含义。一层含义就是我们的养老保险制度是统筹和个人账户相结合的制度。这个制度账户的引入和建立里边是应该有钱的，应该是做实的，但是绝大部分是空的。这钱用于支付你的父辈们了，也就是说个人账户空账，这算作是一个缺口吧。

Zheng Bingwen: The shortfall implies several things. The first implication is that our pension system is a combination of social pooling and individual accounts. The establishment of such a system suggests there should be actual money in the accounts, but most accounts are empty. The money is used to pay current pensioners, the elder generation. That is to say, the individual accounts become empty. This can be considered a shortfall.

冯欣：也就是，如果按照理论说，个人账户里的钱本应该是自己的，不应该被混到社会统筹的公共账户里用来支付给当前的退休人员。但我们现在的问题是，个人账户里的钱被挪到公共账户里去了。个人账户空了，所谓的1.8万亿至2.5万亿的缺口，其实就是所有个人账户空账累计的总额，是不是这个意思？

Feng Xin：So, you are saying, theoretically, the money in the individual accounts is supposed to belong to individuals. It's not supposed to be mixed up with the money in the social pooland used for paying current pensioners. But our problem is that the money in individual accounts is diverted to the social pooland therefore the accounts become empty. The so-called debt shortfall of 1.8 to 2.5 trillion yuan is the sum of all the empty accounts. Is that what you mean?

郑秉文:对，但是这个缺口不影响我们当期发放养老金。我们当期发放养老金是用当期的制度收入来发放的。制度收入减去制度支出，每年的制度还能剩一些钱。那么剩的这些钱增长率又很大，所以虽然一方面我们制度有空账，但是另外一方面，我们制度养老资产的余额增长也很大。这是一个概念，还有一个概念就说由于我们是空账，所以可以说我们的制度整体来看是现收现付制的，就是说工作一代的缴费用来支付退休一代的退休金。这个制度的特征就是它要形成一些隐性债务，这一点，一眼就可以看到了。你比如说长期来看，我们社会保险法规定我们最低缴费年限是15年。你比如说女性法定退休和领取养老金的年限是50岁，可是女性的平均寿命预期已经超过25年了。15年的缴费要达到25年以上的领取年限，能够平衡吗？在资金上肯定是不平衡的，况且领取的养老金要远远要高于每年缴费的水平。所以这是最简单的一个算数。这个制度是不可持续的。

Zheng Bingwen: Yes, but the shortfall doesn't affect our payments to current pensioners. The money for paying current pensioners comes from current social security taxpayers. When you subtract total expenditures from the total revenue, we actually still have a remaining balance every year. And the remaining balance increases fast. Therefore, on the one hand we have empty accounts, but on the other hand our balance grows rapidly. That's one point. Another point is that since we have empty accounts, our current system is virtually a pay-as-you-go one, meaning the working generation supports the retired generation. The characteristic of such a system is that there will be a lot of invisible debt. It's pretty obvious. For example, our social security law regulates that the minimum contribution period is 15 years. Most female employees are required to retire at the age of 50. However, their average life expectancy after retirement has exceeded 25 years. Can 15 years of contribution support 25 years of live? Is it possible? Definitely not, let alone the pension they receive will be much higher than the tax they paid. It's a simple math problem. Such a system is not sustainable.

做实和不做实这个空账的好处和坏处、利处和弊处也是一分为二的。你比如说，如果要做实这些账户，国家拿出2.2万亿来做实这些账户，那么这个制度就必须要让它有能力增值。如果它的投资体制还是像现在这样，就是存银行吃那点活期利息，那它是绝对贬值的。

There are both pros and cons to filling the empty accounts with cash. If we were to do so, and the State sets aside of 2.2 trillion yuan to fill the shortfall, then we'd have to make sure the value of these accounts increases. If the current investment system stays, the money in these accounts would be kept in banks with a slim interest rate. It will definitely devalue.

冯欣：好的，谢谢您。

Feng Xin: All right, thank you very much.

找到一种可持续的投资方法来保证养老金的价值是政府的重要责任，那么个人又需要做什么呢？

Finding a sustainable investment method to safeguard people's money is a crucial task for the government, but what about individuals?

冯欣：在我们的采访中，我们还发现大部分二三十岁的人，当我们问他们养老的问题的时候，都显得比较惊讶，都说还没有考虑过。那么我想问问您，也算是问一个技术问题。您认为，一个普通的工薪阶层的职工大概应该从什么年龄开始考虑养老规划？

Feng Xin: During our street interviews, we found many 20 to 30-year-old people were surprised when being asked about retirement. They said they haven't thought about it yet. Well, let me ask you a question, a technical one. At what age should an ordinary employee start thinking about his or her retirement?

杨燕綏：35岁以前，年轻人面临的是养孩子买房子，所以这时候你对他（她）说养老，他（她）确实没考虑。这是一个客观情况。所以应该是这样的，在孩子稍微大一点，负担不是很重了，房子的按揭还完50％以上了，这时候就应该——尤其是过了35，不能晚于40，应该考虑买健康、买养老。

Yang Yansui: Before 35, people usually think about raising children and buying houses; they hardly think about retirement. It's a matter of fact. As far as I see, when their small children grow up, their economic burdens become lighter, and they have paid more than 50% of their mortgage, it's then time to think about the issue, especially once they pass 35 and no later than 40. They should start thinking buying health and pension (insurance).

冯欣：那您认为养老规划应该都从哪些方面着手，应该考虑哪些问题？

Feng Xin: What are some of the things people should take into account when planning their retirement?

杨燕綏：养老规划，第一个要考虑的问题：从什么时间开始。因为中国有社会养老保险；职工一工作就强制你缴费了。如果你觉得那个还比较低，还不够的话，自己到底从什么时间开始，起点很重要，一般是35到40岁开始。因为从这个时候开始你时间比较充裕，20年的储蓄。第二个很重要就是缴多少费呢？你存多少养老金呢？因为你存多少养老金对当前消费是一个抵消，怎么处理当前消费和养老金的问题。那存多少？还有，存什么？因为政府已经强制你缴8％，将来它返给你的是货币，可以吃饭。但是我们是不是搞一点保值的养老资产让它风险低一点。到底是存养老金呢？还是买养老保险呢？还是买房子呢？还是储备黄金呢？这个养老资产怎么构成，这是第二个问题。第三个问题非常关键，选一个好的受托人。就是你把养老金交给谁来管理。有养老银行储蓄，有养老信托，还有养老保险。那么你选择什么样的工具，还有在各家公司之间你选择哪一个最优秀的公司来帮你管养老金。这个是第三问题。

Yang Yansui: First of all, when do you start your retirement plan? China has the basic pension system; people are required to contribute social security taxes once they are employed. If you think that's not enough, you should plan when to start saving for your retirement. The starting point is crucial. It usually should start around 35 or 40 years old, because you would have plenty of time for saving, say, 20 years. The second question to think about is how much you would like to pay. Since saving for retirement counterbalances current consumption, how do you balance the relationship between the two? Then, what are you going to save for retirement? Since the 8% of personal salary as social security tax is compulsory, the government is going to pay you back in cash, which guarantees basic living. But shall we buy some properties to reduce the risk in cash? Should we save cash, buy pension insurance, real eastate or gold? How to structure your pension assets is the second question. The third question is crucial. Choose a good trustee. Who do you trust to help you manage your pension? There are pension savings, pension trusts and pension insurance. Which tool do you choose and which company do you trust? This is the third question.

Archive · 往期

Watching China’s budget
解析中国预算

How can ordinary people make sense of China's budget?
普通人如何能弄懂中国的预算？

What makes it difficult for graduates to find jobs?
大学生就业难，难在哪？

Why do we often hear stories about college graduates unable to find jobs? -- 为什么我们经常听到毕业生找不到工作的事？

Does China have enough jobs for college graduates?招工难，难在哪？

What makes it difficult for employers to recruit enough workers? And what makes it difficult for job seekers to find such employers? 是什么造成了用人单位的“招工难”？又是什么让求职者难以找到这些雇主？

Does China have enough money to fund its pensioners?
中国有没有足够的养老钱？

How much money can we receive after we retire? At what age should we start planning our retirement? 退休后我们到底能领多少钱？到什么年龄应该计划养老问题？

Should Chinese people retire later?
中国人是否应该晚退休？

In what social context is the government’s proposal to push back China's retirement age rooted? 6月5日，人力资源和社会保障部提出，未来会逐步将退休年龄推迟五年。这样做有什么深层的社会原因？

Illegal immigrants: China's rise as a land of opportunity?
“三非”外国人：中国成为机会之地？

Is the increase of incidents involving illegal immigrants a symbol of China's rise as a land of opportunity? -- "三非"外国人日益增多，是否意味着中国成为机会的土壤？

Legislating domestic violence in China: Concepts - 中国反家庭暴力立法：概念

Digest China explores the concept of domestic violence and the difficulty in proving it. 本期探讨“家庭暴力”这个概念的本身和取证的困难。

Legislating domestic violence in China: Obstacles - 中国反家庭暴力立法：难点

Digest China explores some decade-long obstacles and difficulties in the process. 本期《解析中国》探讨中国反家庭暴力立法进程中长期存在的阻力和分歧。