Transcript·文字实录

冯欣：从三月开始，你会看到中国的主流媒体都在说一个词：“两会”。“两会”被认为是中国每年最重要的政治活动。那它们到底指的是什么？怎样运行？它们能为中国做什么？在这一期的《解析中国》里，我们会首先走上街头听听大家怎么说。然后我们会以动画的形式，解释一些大家最常有的问题和疑惑。最后会带您去见两位与“两会”有着密切关系的人。

Feng Xin: Beginning in March, you will see China's mainstream media buzz around one word: "Lianghui", or the "two sessions" if we translate it into English. While they are considered China's most important annual political events, what are they exactly? How do they function? And what can they do for China? In this episode of Digest China, we will first take to the streets to collect some ordinary people's ideas. Followed by an animation answering people's most frequent questions and confusion, we will take you to meet two people heavily involved with the two sessions.

冯欣：你知不知道“两会”指的是什么？

Feng Xin: Do you know what the two sessions refer to?

受访者：国家领导人的开会吧？

Respondent: A meeting for top leaders?

受访者：人民代表大会，政协。

Respondent: The National People's Congress and the CPPCC.

受访者：政协和人大。

Respondent: The CPPCC and the NPC.

受访者：人大，政协。

Respondent: The NPC and the CPPCC.

冯欣：您知道不知道“两会”是用来做什么的？

Feng Xin: Do you know what the two sessions do?

受访者：就每年总结一下。

Respondent: To summarize a year, I think.

受访者：我觉得这就是政治的协商会议，和关于一些政策的改良方案的问题。

Respondent: A conference of political consultation, and some amendments to policies.

受访者：就是国家政策之类的吧，或者换届。

Respondent: I think it's about the country's policies or power transition.

受访者：对国家民生的调试，还有一些策划安排什么的。

Respondent: I think it is to address people's livelihood issues and to make plans.

冯欣：您觉得两会跟您生活联系有多大？

Feng Xin: How close do you think the two sessions are related to your life?

受访者：有关系，这都是老百姓的一些事。现在的政策都是关系民生的比较多，跟老百姓都有关系。吃穿住行，房子，政策都有关系。

Respondent: I think they are closely related. Most policies nowadays are relevant to people's lives. Pretty much everything.

受访者：我觉得生活中有些不必要弊端，比如民生方面，国家一些政策方面，都可以通过两会的一些提案来解决，我觉得这非常好的。

Respondent: I think if there's any insufficiency in policies concerning people's livelihood, it can be discussed in proposals. I think this is very good.

受访者：国家的政策，他们一些的调控，对于我们这些中下层的老百姓，或者像我们这些打工仔，很少。

Respondent: The policies and adjustment have very little to do with the grassroots, or young migrant workers like me.

受访者：肯定有联系的。对于老百姓的工资待遇，医疗，生活水准（都有关系）。

Respondent: Very close. They are related to people's incomes, healthcare and living standard.

冯欣：最想了解关于两会的什么信息？

Feng Xin: What do you want to know most about the two sessions?

受访者：最想了解关于民生的信息，和食品安全问题。

Respondent: Information about people's livelihood and food safety issues.

受访者：等我们老了的时候工资养老金（的问题）。

Respondent: Pension - when we retire.

受访者：关心教育。

Respondent: Education.

受访者：现在物价涨得很厉害，有方法吗？涨涨工资吧。

Respondent:Is there any way to control the rising prices? Increase our salaries, please.

受访者：大学生就业。

Respondent: Employment of college graduates.

受访者：民生一类，国家的发展趋势，例如文化刺激经济这块。

Respondent: People's livelihood and the country's development trend, like how the cultural industry might stimulate the economy.

受访者：我们是普通上班族，希望工资收入增加。

Respondent: I'm an ordinary employee, I hope our income will increase.

冯欣：那么两会到底是什么？它们怎样运行？

Feng Xin: So, what are the two sessions exactly? How do they function?

“两会”指的是每年召开的全国人民代表大会，简称“全国人大”，以及中国人民政治协商会议，简称“人民政协”。

The two sessions refer to the annual sessions of the National People's Congress, or the NPC, and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, or the CPPCC.

首先，让我们来看看全国人大。根据中国宪法，全国人大是最高的国家权力机关，它的常设机关是全国人大常务委员会。

First, let's look at the NPC. According to China's constitution, the NPC is the highest organ of State power. It has a permanent body, which is the standing committee.

全国人大行使国家的最高立法权，这意味着它有权力修改宪法、监督宪法的实施以及制定其他法律。作为最高的国家权力机关，全国人大还监督最高国家行政机关——国务院，最高人民法院，最高人民检察院，以及中央军事委员会。全国人大选举或罢免国家主席、副主席、最高人民法院院长、最高人民检察院院长、中央军委主席以及各部部长。

The NPC exercises the top legislative power of the State. This means it can amend the constitution, supervise the enforcement of the constitution and make various laws. Being the highest organ of State power also means the NPC supervises a number of state organs, including China's executive body, the State Council, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Central Military Commission. The NPC elects or removes the president and vice-president of China, the president of the Supreme People's Court, the procurator-general of the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. It also decides on the choices of various ministerial heads.

人大共有五级：全国人大是第一级，它是由第二级地方人大代表选举产生的，也就是省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队的人大代表。

There are five levels of people's congresses in China. The National People's Congress is the highest level. It's composed of deputies elected from the second level, people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and special administrative regions, as well as the armed forces.

第二级由第三级选举产生的，即设区的市和自治州的人大代表。

Deputies at the second level are elected by the third level. The third level is made up of the people's congresses in cities with districts as well as autonomous prefectures.

接下来，第三级又是由第四级选举产生的，即不设区的市、区、县和自治县的人大代表。

Subsequently, the third-level deputies are elected by the fourth level, made up of people's congresses in cities without districts, as well as municipal districts, counties and autonomous counties.

第五级的人大代表是乡、镇以及少数民族乡镇的代表。

The fifth level includes the people's congresses in townships, ethnic minority townships and towns.

但不同于前三级，第四级和第五级的人大代表是由选民直接选举产生的。

But unlike the top three levels, the fourth and fifth levels are directly elected by voters.

根据新华网资料库的最新信息，全国人大代表现有2978人。他们被划分为各行政区域和军队的代表团。

According to Xinhua Net's latest database, there are currently 2,978 NPC deputies. They are divided into groups by administrative regions and armed forces.

全国人大代表的任期是五年，每年开春时聚集在北京参加全国人大会议。今年是第十一届会议的第五次会议，也是本届的最后一次会议。

NPC deputies are elected every five years and meet in Beijing for a two-week session every spring. This year is the fifth and final session of the 11th NPC since the founding of the PRC.

根据全国人大的公告，2012年的全国人大会议将于3月5日召开。代表们要完成一系列会议议程，比如：审查由总理做的《政府工作报告》，批准2012年国民经济和社会发展计划并审查2011年计划的执行情况，批准2012 年国家预算并审查2011年国家预算的执行情况，同时还要审议《刑事诉讼法修正案（草案）》。

The NPC announced the 2012 session starts on March 5. The deputies are expected to accomplish a number of items on the agenda, such as to examine the Government Work Report presented by the premier; to examine and approve the 2012 plan for national economic and social development and the report on the implementation of the 2011 plan; to examine and approve the 2012 state budget and the implementation of the 2011 state budget; and to examine the drafted amendment to the Criminal Procedural Law of China.

下面让我们来看看中国人民政治协商会议，简称“人民政协”。根据人民政协自己的定义，政协是一个统一战线组织，由共产党、其他党派、少数民族、和各种社会团体的代表组成。大多数政协委员是社会上显著的政治人物、名人和学者。

Now, let's take a look at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, or the CPPCC. According to the CPPCC, it's a united front organization consisting of members from both Communist and non-Communist parties, ethnic groups and various social groups. Most of its members are significant political figures, celebrities and scholars.

政协的主要作用是向政府提出各种关于执政的建议和批评，同时监督宪法的执行。但是政协只是一个协商机构，不具有任何国家权力。

The CPPCC's main functions are to consult the government in its policy-making and offer suggestions and criticism over its handling of various state affairs. It also supervises the implementation of the constitution. However, the CPPCC does not exercise any State power and purely serves as a consultation body.

政协有四个级别，与人大的前四级相似，但政协没有第五级，也就是没有乡镇这一级。政协的第一级是全国政协委员会，但是不同于人大，政协委员不是由下一级委员选举产生的，而是由同一级的常委会协商产生的。

The CPPCC has four levels, similar to the NPC's first four levels. It doesn't reach to the level of townships, ethnic minority townships and towns. The top level is the CPPCC National Committee. However, unlike the people's congresses, CPPCC members are not elected by the lower-level committee members. They are nominated by the standing committee of the same-level CPPCC.

政协委员通过提交提案来行使自己的职责，提案涉及各种公共事务。政协委员可以以个人名义提交提案，也可以在一个小组里由集体提交。

CPPCC members perform their duties by writing and submitting proposals concerning various public affairs either as an individual or in a group.

全国政协委员会有9个专门委员会，涉及不同的国家事务。其中提案委员会专门负责收集委员们的提案，审查立案，然后交给相关的社会部门承办。

The CPPCC National Committee has nine specialized committees covering different social and state affairs. The Proposal Committee is responsible for collecting members' proposals, evaluating and then passing them to relevant social sectors.

根据新华网资料库的最新信息，全国政协委员现有2270人。他们的任期也是五年，每年开春时聚集在北京参加全国政协会议。

According to Xinhua Net's latest database, there are currently 2,270 National Committee members. All CPPCC members are nominated every five years, and the national committee members meet for a session in Beijing around the same time the NPC session takes place.

2012年的会议将于3月3日召开。今年是第十一届会议的第五次会议，也是本届的最后一次会议。在为期十几天的会议中，政协委员会列席一部分人大会议，其他时候，他们会分组进行讨论。

Starting on March 3, the 2012 session is also the fifth and final session of the 11th CPPCC. During the two weeks, the CPPCC members will attend some sessions with NPC deputies. Other times they will divide into small discussion groups.

有人将人大和政协看作两个平行的国家机关，其实这是不对的。政协不具有任何国家权力，即使政府部门采用了某个委员的提案，这份提案也不具备法律效力。相反，全国人大代表可以向人大提出议案或法律草案，但只能由一个代表团或是30名以上代表联名提出。

Some consider the NPC and the CPPCC as two parallel chambers of the state. This is, in fact, not accurate. The CPPCC does not have any actual State power. Even if a member's proposal is accepted by relevant government agencies, it still does not have any legislative influence. However, an individual delegation or a group of at least 30 NPC deputies can submit bills and proposals.

冯欣：詹福瑞是一位人大代表，他属于河北代表团。他同时也是国家图书馆的副馆长和党委书记。

Feng Xin: Zhan Furui is an NPC deputy. He belongs to the Hebei delegation. He is also the vice-curator and party secretary of China's National Library.

冯欣：詹书记，我们很多人对人大代表都比较好奇，您能不能就您的个人情况跟我们说一说，您作为人大代表都做些什么事情呢？

Feng Xin: Mr Zhan, a lot of people are quite curious about NPC deputies. Can you tell us what you do as an NPC deputy?

詹福瑞：从我个人来看，我就是个普通老百姓，一个基层工作人员，基层管理者。我就在图书馆工作，我们是一个公益性服务单位。我每天七点半到馆里来，每天晚上下班回去。

Zhan Furui: I think I am just an ordinary person from the grassroots. I work at the library, which is a public facility. I come to work everyday at 7:30 am and go back home in the evening.

冯欣：作为人大代表，都有哪些职责是需要您完成的？

Feng Xin: As an NPC deputy, what are your duties?

詹福瑞：人大代表首先一个职责就是要做好调研工作，这个调研我想来自两个方面。第一我根据我自己的本职工作开展调研。像我在图书馆工作，我更关注的是文化的发展和繁荣，尤其是图书馆事业的发展和繁荣。我就在基层工作的过程中发现问题，形成我们的建议，或者是议案。第二，根据人大常委会的安排，到外面开展一些调查工作，研究工作，参加一些培训。我们每年要定期参加培训。

Zhan Furui: My first duty is to do research and investigation. This includes two aspects. First, I do research and investigation in my professional area. For example, I work at the library, so I care more about the development of cultural industries, especially libraries. So I identify problems and issues during my daily work, write proposals or bills. Secondly, I participate in research and investigation tours organized by the NPC Standing Committee. I also take part in some regular training every year.

冯欣：这次的人大会议中，您有没有什么议案提出来？

Feng Xin: Are you going to submit any bills in this NPC session?

詹福瑞：去年我提交的一个建议是推进全民阅读问题，这实际上关系我们国民的基本素质问题。今年还是想在这方面再提一些建议。

Zhan Furui: Last year I submitted a proposal on improving the general public's reading habit. This can in fact help better the general public, so I still want to bring up suggestions on this.

冯欣：从提议案到提交整个过程是什么样的？

Feng Xin: What's the process like, from writing to submitting a bill?

詹福瑞：首先我们要调研，然后形成一个建议或者议案。如果是议案的话，要按照一定相关的程序报人大常委会，人大常委会觉得你可以备案了，可以通过一种形式来提交。如果是议案的话，除了提交建议以外，还要提交一个比较成熟的方案。

Zhan Furui: First we need to do research and investigation and form a proposal or bill. If it's a bill, we need to follow certain procedures to submit it to the NPC Standing Committee. If the Standing Committee thinks it can be put on record, it can then be put on the agenda for discussion. If you are going to submit a bill, apart from giving your suggestions, you need to have a relatively mature project.

冯欣：就是解决问题的方案吗？

Feng Xin: Like a set of solutions?

詹福瑞：是的，有一个比较成熟的、相对成型的方案，这样才会容易立案。另外代表要超过一定人数才可以立案。一般建议不太要求有一个成熟的（解决）方案，可以就某一个比较突出的问题提出，当然也可以联名（提出建议或议案）。

Zhan Furui: Yes, a set of solutions so that it will be more likely to go on the agenda. Also, there needs to be a certain number of deputies jointly submitting the bill. If you bring up a proposal, there aren't as many criteria. You can discuss a particular issue, and, of course, you can do it together with other deputies.

冯欣：议案提交到人大常委会以后，下一步是怎么样的？

Feng Xin: After a bill is submitted to the Standing Committee, what happens next?

詹福瑞：下一步就要提交给议案委员会处理，我们每年还要收到大量的反馈，各个部门，尤其是国务院的一些相关部门，会有反馈意见。

Zhan Furui: The Standing Committee will pass the bill to the Proposal Committee to process. We will then receive a lot of feedback from various government departments.

冯欣：一般周期要多长？

Feng Xin: How long does it take?

詹福瑞：周期一般在半年左右。

Zhan Furui: Usually about six months.

冯欣：詹书记，我们昨天上街做了一些街访，我们发现很多普通人都认为两会非常重要，因为它关系到我们的国计民生，关系到国家的发展、政策等等。同时也有人觉得两会是高层领导人参加的会议，您觉得造成这样看法的原因是什么？

Feng Xin: Mr Zhan, we did some street interviews yesterday. We found many people believed the two sessions are very important, because they are related to our livelihood, the country's development and policies. But, at the same time, some think the two sessions are for the top leaders only. What do you think would make people think that?

詹福瑞：这可能还是和我们老百姓对于全国人大制度了解得不是太深。我出去也不能跟你说我是人大代表，跟他说我是人大代表，所以大家都不太了解。我们现在只能靠我们自己的自觉，来有意识的做一些调研、引导和解释工作。我们每年调研的时间都很有限，一般人大代表一年调研一次，就是集中调研。这就需要有一个队伍走到一些地方，这样人们当然会知道你是人大代表。但是平时的调研，一般的就是在自己的相关系统开展工作，这些工作有的时候，别人是不容易了解的，是一些默默无闻的，不动声色的调研。

Zhan Furui: I think it's probably because people are not very familiar with the NPC system. It's quite impossible for me to tell everyone I meet that I'm an NPC deputy. So, people don't know a lot about us. We really just have to discipline ourselves to research and to explain (our work) to people. We have very limited time to do research and investigation every year. Usually an NPC deputy takes part in one organized tour each year when a group of deputies travel somewhere. Then, people (who see the group) know you are deputies. But during ordinary days, we do research and investigation in areas related to our job. Some of the work might take place quietly and is unknown to the public.

冯欣：在您看来，一个称职的人大代表应该是什么样的？

Feng Xin: What do you think makes a reliable deputy?

詹福瑞：一个称职的人大代表，首先是政治上比较成熟的。

Zhan Furui: I think for a deputy to be accountable, (he or she) first needs to be politically mature.

冯欣：政治上成熟是什么意思？

Feng Xin: What do you mean by that?

詹福瑞：这就意味着他对我们国家相关政策法规，通过学习有一定掌握，这是履行代表职责的重要条件。第二，我认为他在一个部门、单位应该是一个先进分子，在业务上应该是比较优秀的。确实关心社会发展，关心国家进步，关心老百姓，关心国计民生，有这样的一种胸怀。

Zhan Furui: It means he or she needs to have a good understanding and grasp of our laws and policies. This is an important trait. Secondly, I think he or she should be a role model at his or her workplace and profession. Also, he or she should really care about society, our country, people and their livelihood. He or she needs to have such a heart.

冯欣：除了上千参加会议的人大代表和政协委员，另一个庞大的群体也不容忽视，有人估计每年国内外上会报道的新闻记者，人数几乎与委员、代表的人数持平。

Feng Xin: Apart from thousands of NPC deputies and CPPCC members who are attending the two sessions, another present group is too large to be ignored. Some estimate the number of journalists from both Chinese and foreign media covering the two sessions to be the same as the number of deputies and members.

冯欣：中国日报的朱喆从2006年起就参与报道两会。在2009年的一场新闻发布会上，她获得了一个向总理提问的机会。

Feng Xin: Zhu Zhe from China Daily has been covering the two sessions since 2006. At a press conference in 2009, she had the opportunity to ask the Chinese premier a question.

冯欣：对于今年的两会报道，您和您的同事做了什么样的报道计划？

Feng Xin: What plans have you and your colleagues made to cover this year's two sessions?

朱喆：每一年我们都会在两会开始的几个月之前就开始准备工作。首先，我们会挑选出来自各个部门的最优秀的记者组成一个两会报道组，然后将记者分成各个小组。我们必须要让记者了解，他们对各个代表团或界别应该关注什么，这样他们就能提前做一些准备工作。我们也会向记者分发全国人大代表以及政协委员的名单，以便让记者们提前熟悉他们的情况。

Zhu Zhe: You know that every year we have to make preparations months before the two sessions start. First of all, we have to select our best reporters from all departments, not only from News Center, to form a two sessions reporting team. Then we divide the reporters (into groups). For example, you have to make the reporters know what delegations or what fields they have to pay special attention to so that they can make some preparations in advance. And we've also sent all the name lists of the NPC deputies and also the CPPCC delegates to all the reporters so that they can get familiar with all these people beforehand.

冯欣：作为一个报道了这么多年两会的记者，您觉得这最具挑战性的是什么？

Feng Xin: And as a reporter who has been covering the two sessions for quite a (large) number of years, what have you found to be the most challenging part of doing that job?

朱喆：每个人都知道这是一个非常有挑战性的工作，因为不光是有上千名代表和委员来参加两会，上千名记者也在那里，这就意味着我们会面对很多同行。那么你能给读者提供什么样的报道呢？有时候我们把两会的报道比作一场媒体的战争，这就意味着我们必须去拼报道内容，去争取到别家媒体没有的内容。

Zhu Zhe: Everybody knows that is a challenging job, because not only thousands of delegates and deputies are there, thousands of reporters are there, too, which means that we are faced with the same group of people. And what kind of stories can you offer to your reader? Sometimes we describe the two sessions reporting as a media war, which means that you have to fight to get the content, to get what you can get but other media cannot get.

冯欣：独家报道。

Feng Xin: Exclusive.

朱喆：对，独家报道。所以，这就要求你提前做准备，这就是最有挑战性的地方——去和其他媒体竞争，包括外国媒体。

Zhu Zhe: Yes, exclusive. So that requires you to do preparations in advance. So this is the most challenging thing – to compete with so many other media, including the foreign media.

冯欣：那您有没有总结出一些两会报道的经验或者窍门？

Feng Xin: And have you developed any personal strategies or tips for doing the coverage over the years?

朱喆：每一年的两会都是大概两周的时间。在这两周里，你通常都得不到任何休息，也没有周末，甚至也没有一个固定的上下班时间。两会报道的强度很大，所以体力上也要准备好。我通常都会在两会前准备一双舒适的鞋子。

Zhu Zhe: Every year, it's about two weeks' time. During those two weeks, you don't have any rest. You don't have weekends. And even you don't have a set time for you to be on work or off work. This is very demanding, so you have to be physically prepared, too. I usually prepare a very comfortable pair of shoes before the two sessions.

冯欣：我们之前在大街上采访了一些群众，尽管媒体对两会的报道很多，有些人对两会的了解仍然不是很多，你觉得这是为什么呢？

Feng Xin: We went on streets and talked to a number of ordinary people. Despite the media's huge effort to cover the two sessions, many people still don't know much about the two sessions. What do you think would be the reason for this?

朱喆：我觉得媒体在尽他们最大的努力报道两会，但是就像我说的，这是一场媒体大战，而媒体通常都想抢到大新闻，可能他们有时会忽略来自草根阶层的声音。我觉得媒体能做的，或者比如《中国日报》可以做的，就是将让高层领导能够听到更多老百姓的声音。

Zhu Zhe: I think media organizations are trying their best to deliver the two sessions coverage. But, as I said, this is a media war, and media are always trying to get the big news. And they sometimes (may) ignore the calling from the grassroots. I think what the media can do and also what, for example, China Daily this year (can) do, is try to get more voices transferred from the bottom to the higher levels.

Archive · 往期

Watching China’s budget
解析中国预算

How can ordinary people make sense of China's budget?
普通人如何能弄懂中国的预算？

What makes it difficult for graduates to find jobs?
大学生就业难，难在哪？

Why do we often hear stories about college graduates unable to find jobs? -- 为什么我们经常听到毕业生找不到工作的事？

Does China have enough jobs for college graduates?招工难，难在哪？

What makes it difficult for employers to recruit enough workers? And what makes it difficult for job seekers to find such employers? 是什么造成了用人单位的“招工难”？又是什么让求职者难以找到这些雇主？

Does China have enough money to fund its pensioners?
中国有没有足够的养老钱？

How much money can we receive after we retire? At what age should we start planning our retirement? 退休后我们到底能领多少钱？到什么年龄应该计划养老问题？

Should Chinese people retire later?
中国人是否应该晚退休？

In what social context is the government’s proposal to push back China's retirement age rooted? 6月5日，人力资源和社会保障部提出，未来会逐步将退休年龄推迟五年。这样做有什么深层的社会原因？

Illegal immigrants: China's rise as a land of opportunity?
“三非”外国人：中国成为机会之地？

Is the increase of incidents involving illegal immigrants a symbol of China's rise as a land of opportunity? -- "三非"外国人日益增多，是否意味着中国成为机会的土壤？

Legislating domestic violence in China: Concepts - 中国反家庭暴力立法：概念

Digest China explores the concept of domestic violence and the difficulty in proving it. 本期探讨“家庭暴力”这个概念的本身和取证的困难。

Legislating domestic violence in China: Obstacles - 中国反家庭暴力立法：难点

Digest China explores some decade-long obstacles and difficulties in the process. 本期《解析中国》探讨中国反家庭暴力立法进程中长期存在的阻力和分歧。